What Makes an Exceptional Leade

　What Makes an Exceptional Leader? 　On December 14, 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team made history as the first expedition to reach the South Pole. Thirty-five days later, on January 17, 1912, British explorer Robert Falcon Scott reached the South Pole, with five exhausted men. None survived the brutal journey home. Another noted British explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton, never reached the South Pole. While failing to achieve the first overland crossing of Antarctica, Shackleton succeeded in bringing all 27 members of his expedition party safely home, after 634 days of unbelievable hardship. The polar adventures of Shackleton, Scott， and Amundsen provide fundamental leadership lessons for any leader-no matter what race must be run. 　Effective leadership requires a clear strategic focus. With single-minded determination, Amundsen set his plans and priorities on winning the race to the South Pole, for the glory of standing there first. Scott lacked such focus. He assembled the best scientific minds and equipment available for an unprecedented research expedition. But he also aimed to c1aim the "reward of priority" for the British Empire. Striving for both goa1s, Scott failed doubly. 　Successful leaders are open to new ideas. As a Norwegian, Amundsen began with an advantage over his British rivals: comfort with skiing. Yet, he continued to refine his skills, importing ideas from the Eskimos and developing an integrated set of competencies-skiing, dog-handling, clothing, and carefully-planned diet, pace, and rest-for polar travel. Scott and Shackleton, however, were surprisingly resistant to the use of novel methods. Ultimately, both relied on the slow, exhausting technique of man hauling. 　Leaders need to draw on the collective wisdom of the team. As a leader, Scott believed it was his unique responsibility to analyze situations and draw conclusions. His decisions were closely held and sometimes revealed at the last minute. In sharp contrast to Scott, both Amundsen and Shackleton sought ideas and opinions from their men. Through this process, Amundsen and Shackleton gave team members a sense of control and value, resulting in greater ownership and commitment. 　The best leaders forge strong bonds. Despite their differences in personality, the enthusiastic Shackleton and the understated Amundsen had strikingly similar approaches to leadership. Both were acutely sensitive to the emotions of their men and skilled at managing conflict. Both emphasized individual ability above rank or social status. And both participated in everyday expedition life, including simple chores. These behaviors, both practical and symbolic, reinforced the message of unity. Although Scott's doomed polar party stayed together until the very end, his detachment, emphasis on hierarchy, and one-sided decision-making style created barriers to team unity and damaged morale. 　Flaws aside, Shackleton, Amundsen, and Scott shared qualities-exceptional perseverance, determination, and courage-that are crucial for any leader. Leadership success is often relative and always personal. Amundsen led his team and landed on the South Pole successfully; Scott and his men reached the South Pole, but none of them survived the journey home; Shackleton failed in achieving his goal of crossing Antarctica, but he led his team to safety through extreme hardship. Was Shackleton a success or a failure as a leader? The answer depends on how you measure success. Topic Outline
【正确答案】：Topic: What Makes an Exceptional Leader?Thesis: The polar adventures of Shackleton, Scott， and Amundsen provide fundamental leadership lessons for any leader-no matter what race must be run.Outline:I a clear strategic focusA experience of AmundsenB experience of ScottII being open to new ideasA experience of AmundsenB experience of Scott and ShackletonIII drawing on the collective wisdom of the teamA experience of ScottB experience of Amundsen and ShackletonIV forging strong bondsA experience of Shackleton and AmundsenB experience of ScottV conclusion: exceptional perseverance, determination and courage as crucial qualities for any leader
【题目解析】：一般来讲，提纲有两种常见类型，即Topic outline和 Sentence outline。前者是指用文中的关键词和短语（Thesis除外）组成的提纲，而后者则指用主谓结构俱全的句子组成的提纲。比较而言，前者较难把握。本题要求的是一个Topic outline，且中心思想句中包含了关键。本文的中心思想句（Thesis）是：The polar adventures of Shackleton, Scott， and Amundsen provide fundamental leadership lessons for any leader-no matter what race must be run.阅读全文，我们可以看出明显的结构特征，主体展开推进是通过逐一列出leader的必要特质，然后突显出其重要性和实践过程中造成的影响，从而明确了相应的现实意义和指导意义。详见参考答案。